4. 英国actress地位
V1有个讲17世纪actress的长阅读，说什么当时女的actress是没什么地位的...(11.11)
4道题目：1个主旨3个细节，好像吧。。。记不得了。
V2是讲actress in England的，包括1660年前后的一些时间发生的事情。(11.11)
V3有一个是讲actress逐渐被接纳的，原因是17世纪初和17世纪末英国政治权利的变化。17世纪初，theater分成court和 commercial两种，court的那种是只有男演员的，而且只供贵族等观看，平民商人是无法进入的(court的那种 theater 反对actress的原因有几个：其中一是男演员比较专业，从莎士比亚的喜剧开始，所有的角色包括女性角色都是由男演员担任。另外的两个记不清楚了。)commercial的在当时就已经可以接纳actress了，但actress能演的角色也不多。(具体好像不是这么说的，但意思大致相同)后来到17世纪末，英皇XX 二世掌政，为了稳固地位还是怎样的，就接受了新的attitude，就是actress也能演戏，而且国王还会亲自去commercial 的theater看戏，许多贵族也就跟风一起来了，actress从而渐渐被接受。
V4有一个讲English Actress的长阅读。大致是分析为什么1860(?记不清什么时候了)之后English Actresses were accepted by the audiences. 第一段都是在讲几种解释，然后一一否定掉。第二段就给出了作者支持的解释：好像是...差异来着忘了。第三段就记到说King通过影响 aristocrats从而影响了audiences对Actresses的态度。有个题问道King的意义。
V5. 长文共3段，讨论的是16世纪英国女演员artress的地位问题，有个题还考到了第三段提及亨利二世的例子有什么作用吧，还有什么意大利剧院的比较，定位还是比较容易。
In the past, only men could become actors in some societies. In the ancient Greece and Rome and the medieval world, it was considered disgraceful for a woman to go on the stage, and this belief persisted until the 17th century, when in Venice it was broken. In the time of William Shakespeare, women's roles were generally played by men or boys.
When an eighteen-year Puritan prohibition of drama was lifted after the English Restoration of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England. Margaret Hughes is credited by some as the first professional actress on the English stage. This prohibition ended during the reign of Charles II in part due to the fact that he enjoyed watching actresses on stage. The first occurrence of the term actress was in 1700 according to the OED and is ascribed to Dryden.
In Japan, men (onnagata) took over the female roles in kabuki theatre when women were banned from performing on stage during the Edo period. This convention has continued to the present. However, some forms of Chinese drama have women playing all the roles.
In modern times, women sometimes play the roles of prepubescent boys. The stage role of Peter Pan, for example, is traditionally played by a woman, as are most principal boys in Britishpantomime. Opera has several "breeches roles" traditionally sung by women, usually mezzo-sopranos. Examples are Hansel in Hänsel und Gretel, Cherubino in The Marriage of Figaro and Octavian in Der Rosenkavalier.
Women in male roles are uncommon in film with the notable exceptions of the films The Year of Living Dangerously and I'm Not There. In the former film Linda Hunt played the pivotal role of Billy Kwan, for which she received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. In the latter film Cate Blanchett portrayed Jude Quinn, a representation of Bob Dylan in the sixties, for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Women playing men in live theatre is particularly common in presentations of older plays, such as those of Shakespeare, that have large numbers of male characters in roles where the gender no longer matters in modern times.
Having an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long-standing tradition in comic theatre and film. Most of Shakespeare's comedies include instances of overt cross-dressing, such as Francis Flute in A Midsummer Night's Dream. The movie A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum stars Jack Gilford dressing as a young bride. Tony Curtisand Jack Lemmon famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the Billy Wilder film Some Like It Hot. Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the thirty Carry On films. Dustin Hoffman and Robin Williams have each appeared in a hit comedy film (Tootsie and Mrs. Doubtfire, respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman.
Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man pretending to be a woman, like Julie Andrews in Victor/Victoria, or Gwyneth Paltrow in Shakespeare in Love. In It's Pat: The Movie, filmwatchers never learn the gender of the androgynous main characters Pat and Chris (played by Julia Sweeney and Dave Foley).
A few roles in modern films, plays and musicals are played by a member of the opposite sex (rather than a character cross-dressing), such as the character Edna Turnblad in Hairspray—played by Divine in the original film, Harvey Fierstein in the Broadway musical, and John Travolta in the 2007 movie musical. Linda Hunt won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for playing Billy Kwan in The Year of Living Dangerously. Felicity Huffman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for playing Bree Osbourne (a male-to-female transsexual) in Transamerica.
5. 美洲最早定居的亚洲和非洲人
V1短阅读是关于历史上11000年亚种与非洲来到美洲的早期定居者问题，文章基本是驳论基调，隶属证据证明这个历史学家认为正确的结论缺乏可信，然后举证在13000+年前已经有，以及一些证据可能被后人因素干扰等等。
V2还有一篇文章讲美国和澳大利亚土著人的历史。有个什么四万和两万五千年，里面有的词汇还有coastal，建议去各大数据库锁定这篇原文，关键词the United States, Australia, 25000,40000，coastal(当然我也不确定能不能搜到).这篇也读的不是很懂。
V3讲美国大陆上开始有人大概是什么时间。作者用了澳大利亚来佐证。一开始是说有观点认为可以推到40000-25000年前。而作者认为不可信，因为没有找到很多rite，而澳大利亚有很多rite。后来就开始读不懂了。澳大利亚的干旱、密度低、后冰川时期海平面上升、美国的内流河神马神马的。说真的这篇东西挺打击我的，让我的阅读水平仿佛一夜回到解放前。三道题也不都太懂。没读出来后面的海平面上升跟前面的rite有什么联系，于是“读懂大意就能做题”的方法就不管用了ORZ。
V4还有一篇阅读讲America的移民问题，拿Australia作对比，作为反驳American的移民可能在20，000年就已经出现的说法;
V5还有一篇短阅读讲的是澳大利亚25000年前没有人类活动的痕迹，是因为那之前没有人类在那篇土地上生存。然后比较了一下澳大利亚和美国吧。涉及到coastal area的问题，大家注意一下。这个记得不是很清楚了，大家就当着一看吧。
Recent discoveries in New World archaeology along with new scientific methods for analyzing data have led to new ideas regarding the origin of the first peoples of the Americas and their time of arrival.
The traditional theory held that the first Americans crossed the land bridge from Siberia to Alaska around 11,500 years ago and followed an "ice-free corridor" between two large Canadian ice sheets (the Laurentide and Cordilleran) to reach unglaciated lands to the south. These first inhabitants, whose archaeological sites are scattered across North and South America, were called the Clovis people, named after the town in New Mexico where their fluted spear points used for hunting mammoth were first found in 1932.
There is now convincing evidence of human habitation sites that date earlier than the Clovis culture including sites located in South America. Monte Verde, a well-studied site located along a river near southern central Chile, dates 12,500 years ago. This site contains the buried remnants of dwellings, stone tools including large bifacial projectile points, and preserved medicinal and edible plants. How did people manage to settle this far south at such an early date? A coastal migration route is now gaining more acceptance, rather than the older view of small bands moving on foot across the middle of the land bridge between Siberia and Alaska and into the continents. Emerging evidence suggests that people with boats moved along the Pacific coast into Alaska and northwestern Canada and eventually south to Peru and Chile by 12,500 years ago—and perhaps much earlier. Archaeological evidence in Australia, Melanesia, and Japan indicate boats were in use as far back as 25,000 to 40,000 years ago. Sea routes would have provided abundant food resources and easier and faster movement than land routes. Many coastal areas were unglaciated at this time, providing opportunities for landfall along the way. Several early sites along the coast of Canada, California, Peru, Ecuador, and Chile date between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Many potential coastal sites are now submerged, making investigation difficult.
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