GRE作文提纲指导(12)

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  28"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."

  1、memorize facts只是rote learning 学习效果不好

  不理解含义,记忆效果不好,不会知识迁移和应用

  在学习ideas, trend and concepts 之后,对事实的理解和记忆都有很大帮助 chemistry experiment, the result of the reaction; elements

  2、不一定要在学习 ideas, trend and concepts 之后记忆事实

  事实的作用是说明概念,可以加深概念的理解;直接学概念会比较抽象;在了解事实基础上归纳出概念、原理、趋势,不仅有利于培养分析综合能力,而且对概念原理的理解更深入,可以应用到其他事实当中examine real-world facts

  the dynamics of supply and demand

  3、学习的重心应该放在概念原理、学习能力上,不是记忆事实上

  学习的目的是能够把所学的东西应用到工作生活中,并能不断学习新的东西加以应用

  学习事实并不是最终目的,更重要的是通过学习事实的过程掌握原理和能力

  事实太丰富,不可能都记住,获取方便,不需要都记住;no need to memorize every single detail of industrial revolution, but have to understand the trend of hi storical development and the following influeces indicated by the facts

  understand how to generalize the essence from the complex facts

  * 在背事实之前,学生应该先学习有助于解释那些事实的想法、趋势和概念。孤立学习事实是学不到什么东西的。

  教育的首要目的并不是向学生灌输一些他们并不理解的知识,而是帮助学生们形成自己的性格并为未来的竞争社会做准备。从这个意义上说通过让学生们了解事实的背景、趋势以及概念从而让学生们欣赏知识,远比让他们单纯的记忆知识要重要的多。

  1. 多数的事实背后都隐藏有比事实本身更有价值的原理。尽管各种事件每天都会发生,但是引起这些事件的原理却是有限的,教会学生事件背后的原理不光能够让他们具备深入分析事实的能力,还可以帮助他们在未来碰到他们从未遇到的问题时,能够使用学到的基本原理进行解决。比如,当需要学生了解一个他们从未接触过的文化时,让他们了解这个文化的起源、历史以及背景,比起让他们背诵包含在这个文化里的各种复杂的名词重要的多,因为前者不光能够让学生们更深入的理解这个文化中的各种概念,更重要的是,学生们在以后碰到其他的文化时,也能够运用所学到的原理进行分析和理解。此外,许多事实相对乏味,而这些事实背后的故事和轶事则更能激发学生的学习积极性。

  2. 在教育中强调理解,并不意味着学生不需要记忆任何名词和概念,而是通过让学生们了解概念的背景帮助他们记忆。对于需要在未来的世界里运用他们所学的知识来谋生的大部分学生来说,只有记住许多事实和概念,他们才能够更熟练的运用和操纵他们学到的知识。比如说,如果学生们记不住乘法表(multiplication table),即便是他们理解了乘法的基本原理,他们仍旧无法熟练的进行乘法计算(multiplicative calculation)。此外,许多的传统和道德观念是需要在早期教育中需要学生不断记忆的,因为那时的学生还很小,他们不可能理解过深的道理,但是道德观念却需要在很小的时候就灌输给学生,这时候就需要让学生记忆这些准则,以便于克服人类本质上的不良方面

  3. 先理解在记忆的方式是目前最佳的教育方法之一。一方面,过度强调理解会导致学生忽视概念和事实的重要性,并可能最终导致当他们未来无法熟练的运用他们所学的知识;另一方面,过分注重记忆,又会让学生对学习失去兴趣,并失去解决未知问题的能力。所以,通过理解让学生进行记忆,之后通过记忆来加深学生的理解,是最佳的教育方法之一。

  *死记硬背和相关知识

  一、让步承认,但不见得要先学,因为不见得能懂,作者把 order 搞反了

  二、确实,重复题目。

  1.No one can deny that merely rote memorization brings nothing constructive except for practicing memorizing skills.

  2.医学背病征,入门,不能 professional training, 如果不加深,,不能诊断、开药

  3.套用公式

  三、但是不见得先学

  1.是advanced knowledge,不见得能懂,学要更高的理解能力

  2.不懂供需曲线的学生不能懂经济各学派争论

  3.没背元素周期表学生不能理解物质构成对化学反应的影响

  4.就像爬 skyscraper,引起反感,失去兴趣

  四、应该后学 since the knowledge that helps explain those facts serve to develop students' comprehension of a phenomenon an d enlarge their ken, the ideas, trends and concepts should be studied after

  1.学习是个漫长的过程

  2.Memorization 不仅是 necessity to approach the academic world,而且 pave the way for further study只有掌握好基础才能更进步 pave the way

  3. 只有打好坚实的基础,高深知识才能 effectively play their role in reinforcing, stimulating

  28T"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."

  * 学生们只有在学习了事实的来龙去脉后才有必要记住这些事实。只学习事实本身的学生是学不到多少东西的

  ① In the process of studying, no matter in whatever disci pline, we are required to memorize facts that are indispensable for us to master the knowledge. Only through reciting most of the concepts and information of the facts can individuals possess the capability to turn the knowledge they have acquired to practical account. :记住最基本的语法,否则无法写文章。Under this circumstance, the memorizing is necessary and should be served as the main methods of education.

  ② Compared with memorizing only facts, learning the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts can do much more. A 事实背后的故事和轶事则更能激发学生的学习积极性,先记住一些基本 principle便于理解和掌握 facts with a conceptual framework already in place, a student as better able to understand the meaning of a fact to begin with, and to appreciate its significance. More likely to memorize the fact to begin with, le ss likely to forget it as time passes. B以不变应万变。provide them with the ability to solving the problems before in the class in the future.

  ③ Conceding that students must learn ideas and concepts, as well as facts relating to them, in order to learning anything meaningful, I nevertheless disagree that the former should always precede the latter. Strict adherence to the speaker’s advi ce would surely lead to ill-conceived ideas, concepts and theories.如:讲授地理时,先记住国家和民族名称,再讲述历史发展。另一方面,刻意遵循先后原则,不能及时了解学科前沿动态 the advancement of knowledge 。

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