10 创新者的八大特点
A 2005/6 MIT survey of innovation in technology found a number of characteristics common to innovators working in that field.
1. They are not troubled by the idea of failure.
2. They realize that failure can be learned from and that the “failed” technology can later be reused for other purposes.
3. They know innovation requires that one works in advanced areas where failure is a real possibility.
4. Innovators are curious about what is happening in a myriad of disciplines, not only their own specialism.
5. Innovators are open to third-party experiments with their products.
6. They recognize that a useful innovation must be “robust”, flexible and adaptable.
7. Innovators delight in spotting a need that we don‟t even know we harbor, and then fulfilling that need with a new innovation, and as such.
8. Innovators like to make products that are immediately useful to their first users.
38 想象力的概念
Imagination is the ability to form mental images, or the ability to spontaneously generate images within one‟s own mind. It helps provide meaning to experience and understanding to knowledge; it is a fundamental facility through which people make sense of the world, and it also plays a key role in the learning process. A basic training for imagination is the listening to storytelling (narrative), in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to “evoke worlds”.
It is accepted as the innate ability and process to invent partial or complete personal realms within the mind from elements derived from sense perceptions of the shared world. The term is technically used in psychology for the process of reviving in the mind percepts of objects formerly given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as “imaging” or “imagery” or to speak of it as “reproductive” as opposed to “productive” or “constructive” imagination. Imagined images are seen with the “mind‟s eye”.
One hypothesis for the evolution of human imagination is that it allowed conscious beings to solve problems (and hence increase an individual‟s fitness) by use of mental simulation.
46 八大关键学习方法
Some key study skills include:
1. Removing distractions and improving concentration
2. Maintaining a balance between homework and other activities
3. Reducing stress, such as that caused by test anxiety
4. Strategies for writing essays
5. Speed reading
6. Note-taking
7. Subject-specific study strategies
8. Preparing for exams
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