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pragmatic
【考法 1】 adj. 实用主义的，务实的： a practical approach to problems and affairs
【例】 Pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal withsocial morality.(K. B. Clark) 务实的当权者不会有时间或者意向去处理社会道德的问题。--K. B. 克拉克‖a pragmatic man, not given to grand, visionary schemes 一个不迷恋花哨空想的计划，而更注重实际的人
【近】 down-to-earth, earthy, hardheaded, matter-of-fact, practical
【反】 fanciful, idealistic, impractical, unrealistic, utopian, visionary 幻想的，不务实的
【派】 pragmatism n. 实用主义，务实主义
refreshing
【考法 1】 adj. 令人心身振奋的，提神的： having a renewing effect on the state of the body or mind
【例】 A glass of cold water is very refreshing on such a hot day. 大热天里的一杯冰水真是让人心旷神怡。‖It is refreshing to hear some good news about him. 能听到他的好消息真是让人振奋。
【近】 bracing, cordial, invigorating, rejuvenating, restorative, reviving, stimulating, stimulative, vitalizing
【反】 deadening, debilitating, draining, enervating, enfeebling, exhausting, sapping, wearying 令人虚弱的
skittish .
【考法 1】 adj. 容易受到惊吓的，胆小的： easily frightened
【例】 The kitty is skittish around people she doesn't know. 小猫看到不认识的人就会显得特别胆小害怕。
【近】 fainthearted, fearful, fearsome, mousy, scary, timid, timorous, tremulous
【反】 adventuresome, adventurous, audacious, bold, daring, dashing, gutsy, venturesome, venturous 大胆的
【考法 2】 adj. 容易激动的： easily excited by nature
【例】 The skittish colt leapt up when we approached. 一看到我们靠近，小马驹就激动地猛跳起来。
【近】 flighty, fluttery, hyper, hyperactive, hyperkinetic, jittery, jumpy, nervous, skittery, spasmodic, spooky
【反】 imperturbable, nerveless, unexcitable, unflappable, unshakable 不为所动的，沉着的
【考法 3】 adj. 善变的，多变的： likely to change frequently, suddenly, or unexpectedly
【例】 The skittish housing market had both buyers and sellers on edge. 变幻莫测的房市让买家和卖家都坐立不安。
【近】 capricious, changeful, flickery, fluctuating, fluid, inconstant, mercurial, mutable, temperamental, uncertain, unstable, unsteady, volatile
【反】 changeless, constant, immutable, invariable, settled, stable, stationary, steady, unvarying 不变的
stigmatize .
【考法 1】 vt. 使蒙上污名： to characterize or brand as disgraceful or ignominious
【例】 Urban construction workers are often stigmatized by the rest of society as lazy and dirty. 城市里的建筑工人往往被社会里的其他人污蔑为是懒惰而肮脏的。
【近】 abase, debase, degrade, demean, discredit, disgrace, dishonor, foul, humiliate, shame, sink, smirch
【近】 aggrandize, canonize, deify, elevate, exalt 提升(名誉，声望等)
surpass .
【考法 1】 vt. 超越，强于： to become better, greater, or stronger than
【例】 She always tried to surpass her older brother at anything he did, which results in his diffidence. 她在任何一个方面都要比她哥哥优秀，由此导致了他自信心的匮乏。
【近】 beat, better, eclipse, exceed, excel, outclass, outmatch, outshine, outstrip, overtop, transcend
【反】 fall behind 落后
【考法 2】 vt. 突破(界限，纪录等)： to go beyond the limit of
【例】 The sales of the band's newest CD have surpassed the combined sales of its last two albums. 乐队新专辑的发售量甚至超过了前两张销售量的总和。
【近】 break, outreach, outrun, overpass, overreach, overrun, overstep
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