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217."Inordertoproducesuccessfuloriginalwork,scholarsandscientistsmustfirststudythesuccessfulworkofotherstolearnwhatcontributionsremaintobemade."
为了创作出成功的原创著作，学者和科学家们必须研究别人的著作以了解这些著作仍然保持着哪些贡献。

Naturally,tomakenewcontributionsinanyfieldofstudy,scholarsandscientistsshouldfirstmastertheexistingworkdonebytheirfellowscholarsandscientists.
1.Noonecanproduceanyoriginalworkwithoutfirstassimilatingthecontributionsofformergenerationsinhisorherfield.
2.Thedefectsoftheworkofotherscholarsandscientistsarewherewecanpossiblymakeourcontributions.
3.Inalargesense,whatiscalled“original”workisusuallybutanimprovementontheworkdonebypreviousscholarsandscientist.
他山之石可以攻玉，科学是承前继后的过程
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229."Thebestwaytolearnanewsubjectorskillistostudysmallsegmentsordetailsingreatdepthratherthantostartbytryingtodevelopasenseofthewhole."
学习一门新学科或者新技术的最好方法是深入的学习某一个小的部分或者细节，而不是一开始就试图去从整体来把握。

Tolearnanewsubject,oneshouldstartbydevelopingasenseofthewholeratherthanfocusingonsegmentsordetails.
1.Asenseofthewholesubjectenablesustoidentifythespecificareaswherewecanmakeoriginalcontributions.
2.Asenseofthewholesubjectprovidesnecessarybackgroundknowledgeforanyin-depthexplorationintoparticularareasofthatsubject.
3.Studyingsmallsegmentsordetailsingreatdepthwouldinturncontributetoourunderstandingofthewholesubject.
整体和局部的关系
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