1.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，heshows that the slaves' preference，revealed most clearly on plantationswhere sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.

　　虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧重于稳定的一夫一妻制(monogamy)。

　　2.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black familyencouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-theBlack heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from onegeneration to another，a heritage that slaves were continuallyfashioning out of their African and American experiences.

　　古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。

　　3.This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derivedfrom　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differedfrom one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibitionagainst union  s with close kin.

　　古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union   with close kin)的禁止。

　　4.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discriminationagainst Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racialprejudice as “racially-based negative prejudgments against a groupgenerally accepted as a race in any given region of ethniccompetition，” can be interpreted as also including hostility towardsuch ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

　　该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。